It … and prevent a resurgance of the indigenous paganism? …of purity of blood ( limpieza de sangre) which further strengthened the laws against anyone of Jewish ancestry and were more racial than religious in nature. Proofs of racial purity were required in a variety of circumstances in both Spain and its overseas territories. under the control of Portugal), to introduce a new labor supply On 5 November 1865, a decree allowed children born out of wedlock, for whom ancestry could not be verified, to be able to enter into religious higher education (canons). ISBN 0299142302; Seed, Patricia. die öffentliche Reputation einer Person als Spanier. Conversos could claim to be of foreign origin, such as from France, Portugal, or On 20 March 1870, a decree suppressed all use of blood purity standards in determining eligibility for any government position or any licensed profession. Positions of power, residence and citizenship in the Spanish Empire, and travel often required probanza (certification) de Limpieza de Sangre. Mit dem Nachweis der „Reinheit“ sollte, ähnlich wie schon in Spanien, soziale Mobilität verhindern werden, da sie für den Zugang zu Privilegien erforderlich war. De albarasado y mestiza, barsinoBildquelle: Museo de América, Madrid, Inv. "Limpieza de Sangre" in. No. [2], The claim to universal hidalguía (lowest nobility) of the Basques was justified by intellectuals like Manuel Larramendi (1690–1766)[3] because the Umayyad conquest of Hispania had not reached the Basque territories, so it was believed that Basques had maintained their original purity, while the rest of Spain was suspect of miscegenation. The concept of limpieza de sangre, was a significant barrier for many Spaniards to emigrate to the Americas, since some form of proof of not having recent Muslim or Jewish ancestors was required to emigrate to the Spanish Empire.However, within Spain's overseas territories the concept evolved to be linked with racial purity for both Spaniards and indigenous. María Elena Martínez. that could withstand disease as well as be profitable business. The concept of limpieza de sangre, was a significant barrier for many Spaniards to emigrate to the Americas, since some form of proof of not having recent Muslim or Jewish ancestors was required to emigrate to the Spanish Empire. ON the morning of May 2, 1612, a Wednesday, thirty-five blacks and mulattoes (twenty-eight men and seven women) were escorted by New Spain's authorities through the streets of Mexico City. Website Terms of Use. were indicated humble trader origins) often changed their names. Zur Geschichte einer sozialen Kategorie. The first statute of purity of blood appeared in Toledo, Spain, 1449,[1] where an anti-converso riot succeeded in obtaining a ban on conversos and their descendants from most official positions. purity (limpieza de sangre), which many scholars cite as the beginnings of a modern conception of race. Maria Elena Martínez, "Limpieza de Sangre" in, Last edited on 11 November 2020, at 14:51, La idea de España entre los vascos de la Edad Moderna, "El Estatuto de Limpieza de Sangre de la Compañía de Jesús (1593) y su influencia en el Perú Colonial", Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre&oldid=988168778, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [4] This idea was reinforced by the fact that, as a result of the Reconquista, a large number of Spanish noble lineages were already of Basque origin. However, within Spain's overseas territories the concept evolved to be linked with racial purity for both Spaniards and indigenous. however, this model was a rather crude social experiment. Names were often Limpieza excluded persons with black blood from civil and religious … Candidates for office and their spouses had to obtain a certificate of purity that proved that they had no Jewish or Muslim ancestors and in New Spain, proof of whiteness and absence of any in the lineage who engaged in work with their hands. So waren die sozialen Oberschichten in den Kolonien oft nicht „rein“ spanischer Herkunft. between Iberian populations were reduced to the doctrine of blood purity (limpieza de sangre), which many scholars cite as the beginnings of a modern conception of race. of Indians from being utterly destroyed (thus eliminating a Sie verfolgte konvertierte Juden, Muslime, Protestanten und Menschen, die Sodomie trieben. population was also intended to help preserve the indianos; The universal hidalguía of Basques helped many of them to positions of power in the administration. New World keep the Protestants (England) out of the New World, Roth, Norman, Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. 00009. Crown passed a law that the New World Inquisition could no feudal jurisdiction might protect them from the Office of the Holy Office of the [8] On 26 October 1866, the test of blood purity was outlawed for the purposes of determining who might be admitted to college education. If the investigation had to be carried out outside Cordoba, a person, not necessarily a member of the council, would be appointed to examine the witnesses appointed by the candidate. The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico Maria Elena Martinez ON the morning of May 2, 1612, a Wednesday, thirty-five blacks and mulattoes (twenty-eight men and seven women) were escorted by New Spain's authorities through the streets of Mexico City. kingdom in the New World? In 1923, the 27th Jesuit General Congregation once again specified that "The impediment of origin extends to all who are descended from the Jewish race, unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church." It was not until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that some of the legalized prejudice against Jews in Spain was modified. Sie unterstanden in Glaubensfragen den Ordens- und Weltgeistlichen. 7), S. 918-922; Stolcke, Verena: Wie Mestizen zu Mestizen wurden. To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choices, 1574-1821. Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2002. Gitlitz, David. Having collected all the reports, the secretary or the notary had to read them all to the council, and a simple majority vote would decide whether the candidate was approved; after approval the candidate had to promise to obey all the laws and customs of the Church. „Blut“ steht dabei als Metapher für die Herkunft. After the passage of time, they might be forgotten. No Xueta (descendants of the Majorcan conversos) priests were allowed to say Mass in a cathedral until the 1960s. Nevertheless, the concept of purity of blood came to be more focused on ancestry than of personal religion. Während in Europa gegen Andersgläubige und Konvertiten, die möglicherweise im Geheimen ihren alten Glauben praktizierten, mit Hilfe von Inquisitionsverfahren vorgegangen wurde, wurden Indigene als „unverschuldet Ungläubige“ von der Inquisition verschont. The religious and military orders, guilds and other organizations incorporated in their by-laws clauses demanding proof of cleanliness of blood. Die Doktrin von der „Reinheit des Blutes“ wurde in der Folgezeit aus ihrem religiösen Kontext gelöst und diente nun vielmehr dazu, die „reine“ Herkunft eines Kindes von spanischen Eltern anzuzeigen. … In the context of the Spanish Empire, it extended to the non-Christian aboriginal populations of Asia, Africa and the Americas. How could the Spanish crown keep the indigenous population Lastly, This 16th-century Decree de genere remained in force far longer among the Jesuits than in the Spanish state, though over time the restriction relating to Muslim ancestry was dropped[20] leaving only people of Jewish ancestry to be excluded. Converts from Judaism were referred to as conversos and converts from Islam were known as Moriscos. That statute was followed by the 16th-century laws of purity of blood (limpieza de sangre) which further strengthened the laws against anyone of Jewish ancestry and were more racial than religious in nature.
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