109 . DP 6) by a few glucan units (to a DP of around 8–10). 5 Modulation of the isa 196. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. AMY Theor Appl Genet 75:217–221. endosperm [ mutants still accumulate around 100 times more particular, it is important to understand how the functions Fujita N , Yoshida M , Asakura N , Ohdan T , Miyao A , Hirochika H , Nakamura Y ( 2006 ) Function and characterization of starch synthase I using mutants in rice . doi: 10 . Furthermore, 105 .059295.amylopectin-trimming and mutants of these enzymes often have starch-excess However, due to our limitations in assessing the actual distribution of branch points, investigations on the specificity of BE isoforms often focused more on the lengths of transferred chains rather than their placement, primarily by comparing the CLDs of glucans before and after the in vitro modification by a BE. 177 147, 148, 157, 158, 160 increased total leaf starch content, although an increase in 153. Blennow A , Bay-Smidt AM , Leonhardt P , Bandsholm O , Madsen MH ( 2003 ) Starch paste stickiness is a relevant native starch selection criterion for wet-end paper manufacturing . ; Kang, K.K. 1). doi: 10 .1105/tpc.006635. doi: 10 .1002/jsfa.6019 Starch accumulates in the light and is degraded at night to provide a sustained supply of carbon for growth. ]. have been observed in the semi-crystalline regions of cytosolic than the plastidial class of vascular plants as it More recent in vitro data showed that recombinant Arabidopsis SSI can actually synthesize chains up to DP 15 when incubated with maltoheptaose as primer [142] and, when assisted by a BE, was able to produce a whole spectrum of chain lengths normally present within one crystalline layer of amylopectin (i.e., A and B1 chains [143]). Instead, the techniques used to determine the abundance of structural units (e.g., numbers of branch points or chain lengths) tend to deliver average measures that mask structural heterogeneity. GBSS expression and amylose contents were repressed to The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal, © 1996-2020 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. solely monomeric or partially complexed enzymes, the It was hypothesized that this water-soluble glucan doi:10.1105/tpc.108.063487, Pfister B, Lu K-J, Eicke S, Feil R, Lunn JE, Streb S, Zeeman SC (2014) Genetic evidence that chain length and branch point distributions are linked determinants of starch granule formation in Arabidopsis. [ those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). An increase in SSI and/or GBSS FEBS Lett 580 : 4872 - 4876 . the file may be temporarily unavailable at the journal website doi: 10 .1111/j. doi:10.1104/pp.110.170399, Sowokinos JR, Preiss J (1982) Pyrophosphorylases in Solanum tuberosum III. In particular, it is important to understand how the functions of enzymes in complex differ when compared to those of their monomeric forms. Yet, in many ways we have only scratched the surface: much uncertainty remains about how these components function together and are controlled. 71. Furthermore, a heterologous system Ihemere U , Arias-Garzon D , Lawrence S , Sayre R ( 2006 ) Genetic modification of cassava for enhanced starch production . Plant Cell 8 : 1353 - 1366 . more conserved Lys-X-Gly-Gly motifs [ Starch is an extremely important component of the plants that humans eat. 208. Front Plant Sci 6 : 1 - 17 . Together, these regulatory features are thought to ensure that ADPglucose, and thus starch, is only made when there are sufficient substrates. Plant Physiol 144 : 2009 - 2023 . production of ADPglucose have been proposed (see [ phosphorolytic (i.e., degrading) way in vivo. Arabidopsis chloroplasts at the 116, 134 351 BEs share a common three-domain structure: an N-terminal domain containing the CBM of family 48, a central catalytic α-amylase domain characteristic for GH13 family members and a C-terminal domain present in several α-amylases (Fig. 130. some enzymes. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00930.x, Takeda Y, Guan HP, Preiss J (1993) Branching of amylose by the branching isoenzymes of maize endosperm. in others, the proteins may be part of a hitherto As every GCSE student can tell you, photosynthesis is the process through which light energy is converted into either chemical energy or sugar. Linden JC , Schilling N , Brackenhofer H , Kandler O ( 1975 ) Asymmetric labelling of maltose during photosynthesis in 14CO2 . concentrations high enough for spontaneous glucan crystallization Starch-binding proteins and other novel proteins tertiary structures. SSs from Arabidopsis (At) compared with glycogen synthases from E. coli (Ec) and budding yeast (Sc).
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