Inhibition of citrus postharvest pathogens by vapor of citral and related compounds in culture. endobj | These results again suggested that citral addition could lead to the oxidative damage of P. digitatum hyphae. 0 0 1 rg The GST activities and GSH contents of P. digitatum cells with or without 1/2MIC of citral for 0, 30, 60, and 120 min were determined by a UV2450 UV/Vis spectrophotometer using a commercially available kit (Solarbio Beijing, Beijing, China) following the manufacturer's instructions. Name three freely diffusible coenzymes and give both their oxidized and reduced state. Curr. This energy is used to phsophorylate ADP. Three independent replicates were performed for each treatment. ROS involves the fungicidal actions of thymol against spores of Aspergillus flavus via the induction of nitric oxide. If substrate is linked to the chain through FAD, 2 ATP are formed. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.077, Zhou, H. E., Tao, N. G., and Jia, L. (2014). Describe an electron transport chain and state its cellular function. 9:239. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00239. The in vitro study of apoptosis in NB4 cell induced by citral. At 30 min of exposure, the GST activity in the citral-treated sample was 36.03 ± 3.51 U/mg, which was higher than that of the control (17.63 ± 2.65 U/mg, P < 0.05). A phase II detoxification enzyme inducer from lemongrass: identification of citral and involvement of electrophilic reaction in the enzyme induction. Front. II Vol. In the case of the mitochondrial complex III, no difference in the activities between the 1/2MIC-treated samples and the control samples was observed before 60 min of exposure. (\240 )Tj Antifungal activity of citral, octanal and α-terpineol against Geotrichum citri-aurantii. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> Bioph. 0 g This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). (2015). 405, 1–9. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. BT 281, 1304–1313. doi: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-4-r25, Lai, T., Li, B., Qin, G., and Tian, S. (2011). 2019 Oct 15;4(18):17634-17648. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01482. %PDF-1.4 %���� The fluorescence values were measured by a F97 PRO fluorescence spectrophotometer (Lengguang Technology, Shanghai, China). The suspensions were then treated with 1/2MIC (1.0 μL/mL) of citral and incubated at 25 ± 2°C under agitation in an environmental incubator shaker for 30 min (OuYang et al., 2016b). <> To confirm this finding, the enzymatic activities of the above five mitochondrial complex enzymes were further measured. 10 0 0 10 89 474.99994 Tm 10 0 0 10 120.11996 543 Tm Legal. (2009) demonstrated that the cell membrane and organelles of Trichophyton mentagrophytes were irreversibly damaged by 0.2 mg/ml citral. <> Meanwhile, citral evidently altered the mitochondrial morphology and repressed the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), respiratory metabolism and glycolysis of P. digitatum (Tao et al., 2015; Zheng et al., 2015). Australas. [629 0 R] According to this theory, the transfer of electrons down an electron transport system through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions releases energy. (2,3-DIMERCAPTOPROPANOL)Tj Proteomic Analysis of UV-B-Induced Virulence-Mutant Strains of. According to this theory, the transfer of electrons down an electron transport system through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions releases energy (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Progress with superficial mycoses using essential oils. (When a correction for this article is posted)Tj The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Similar results were also reported in some other investigations (Guha et al., 2011; Pramanik et al., 2011). <> Describe an oxidation-reduction reaction. 508 0 obj (2015). CX2016B266). Mechanism of Coupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation and the Membrane Potential of Mitochondria. /T1_0 1 Tf <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> The mitochondrial complex I, complex II, complex III, complex IV and complex V, which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation were drastically affected. BT <> The energy from the transfer of electrons along the chain transports protons across the membrane and creates an electrochemical gradient. One hundred micro grams of proteins were taken out of each sample solution and digested with Trypsin Gold (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) with a protein:trypsin ratio of 30:1 at 37°C for 16 h. After trypsin digestion, peptides were dried by vacuum centrifugation. Front Microbiol. In our previous studies, citral was found to inhibit the mycelial growth of P. digitatum in a dose dependent manner with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.0 μL/mL and a minimum antifungal concentration (MFC) of 4.0 μL/mL, and the wax + citral (10 × MFC) treatment significantly decreased the incidence of green mold in Ponkan mandarin fruit after 6 days of storage at 25 ± 2°C, but did not influence the external and internal fruit qualities of citrus fruit (Fan et al., 2014). -10.78099 0 Td (2016). (2009). <> endobj Biochem. 10 0 0 10 89 579.99997 Tm 439 0 obj <> %PDF-1.4 %���� Oxidation-reduction reactions are coupled chemical reactions in which one atom or molecule loses one or more electrons (oxidation) while another atom or molecule gains those electrons (reduction). BT These results indicated that ROS might serve as a mediator in regulating the antifungal activity of citral against P. digitatum. In prokaryotic cells, the protons are transported from the cytoplasm of the bacterium across the cytoplasmic membrane to the periplasmic space located between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall. (\240)Tj We previously reported that citral could inhibit the mycelial growth of P. digitatum, P. italicum, and G. citri-aurantii by a membrane damage mechanism (Tao et al., 2014b; Zhou et al., 2014; OuYang et al., 2016a). For protein identification, a mass tolerance of 0.05 Da (ppm) was permitted for intact peptide masses and 0.1 Da for fragmented ions, allowing for one missed cleavage in the trypsin digests. In a previous study, citral was illustrated to be able to stimulate the activity of GST in RL34 cells, whereas geranial treatment could attenuate the intracellular GSH level, and this process was accompanied with the increasing ROS content (Nakamura et al., 2003). Role of Curcuma longa L. essential oil in controlling the growth and zearalenone production of Fusarium graminearum. /T1_3 1 Tf 154 0 obj Protoplasma. Data presented are the means of the pooled data. endobj <> <> 467 0 obj <> 13:R25. /T1_1 1 Tf 0 g These experiments were also performed with antioxidant Cys at a concentration of 10 μM. A perspective on the use of iTRAQ™ reagent technology for protein complex and profiling studies. T* (2012). 63, 219–227. A reduction reaction during which both a proton and an electron are gained is called hydrogenation. As revealed by Figure 6, exposure to 1/2MIC of citral apparently induced a severe plasma membrane lesion, as convinced by the results of PI staining. Residual dyes were removed by washing twice with PBS (pH 7.0).
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