Three-dimensional model of the Golgi complex built by analyzing micrographs of serial sections through a secretory cell, MBOC – Cell fractionation by centrifugation, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4389648, MBOC – A model for how new peroxisomes are produced, MBoC – The general mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, 1992–1998 Discovery of the bacterial cytoskeleton, |MBoC Figure 19-59. mechanical strength. Necrosis – identifies, in a negative fashion, cell death lacking the features of apoptosis or autophagy. Uses antibodies to detect the intracellular location of proteins at high resolution by electron microscopy. fibrillogenesis – transformation from the compact (soluble) form to the extended fibrillar (insoluble) form of fibronectin, requires application of mechanical forces generated by cells. Allows wavelengths which, electrons that are focused via magnetic coils. agent etc). Binary Fission – and seen in eukaryote mitochondria, Asexual reproduction – replicates original cell to produce two identical cells, Grow in numbers exponentially – adequate nutrients and a fast life cycle, single organism can multiply into billions, Birth – Mitosis (except germ cells – Meiosis), Growth – Expression of genes and proteins required to grow the cell, its organelles and cytoskeleton, Function – Expression of tissue specific genes and proteins, Division – DNA during cycle, whole cell in Mitosis, Death – Apoptosis (programmed cell death) Necrosis (un-programmed cell death), each daughter cell is half the size of parent cell, S phases and M phases alternate without any intervening G1 or G2 phases, exits the cycle at G1 (cancer cells do not enter G0), cell can leave the cell cycle (temporarily or permanently), not simply the absence of signals for mitosis, active repression of the genes needed for mitosis, Unregulated/abnormal proliferation is oncogenesis or Cancer, External factors can also regulate progression through cycle, Growth factors primarily act on cells in G0 and G1, thought to involve retinoblastoma protein (pRb), Serum (Prepared by clotting)- Proliferation, Plasma (Prepared by centrifugation, no clotting)- no proliferation, allows platelets to release secretory granules, Connective tissue cells express PDGF receptors which bind the small PDGF glycoprotein, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Insulin-like growth factors (IFG-1, IGF-2), expression induced by growth factors stimulation, serum growth factors to quiescent cells promotes transcription of the cyclin D1 gene, Cyclin D1 then binds Cdk4 and Cdk6 in early to mid-G1 phase, phosphorylate and inactivate retinoblastoma protein (pRb), also acts as a cofactor for several transcription factors in numerous cell types, mutations are associated with cancer progression, as a regulator of G1 to S-phase transition, required for transition from G1 to S phase, Cyclin E/Cdk2 complex phosphorylates p27Kip1 which then degrades, activation of Cyclin E gene can be blocked by the cdk inhibitor p16 (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A), expression of Cyclin A then increases for progress to S phase, role not fully understood, required for S phase progress, disappears ahead of cyclin B during mitosis, complex is kept inactive by phosphorylation of Cdc2, abruptly activated by Cdc25 during mitosis, cyclin B is destroyed at mitosis exit by ubiquitin-mediated mechanism (catalyzed by the APC/C), triggers the events leading to destruction of the cohesins, allowing the sister chromatids to separate, Inactive until bound to a specific cyclin, Division controlled by synthesis/degradation cyclin B, regulatory subunit of Cdc2 protein kinase, interphase cyclin B synthesis leads to formation of active cyclin B–Cdc2 complex, Allow cell to exit mitosis and return to interphase next cell cycle, cyclin B-CDC2 acts as M phase-promoting factor (MPF), activate other proteins through phosphorylation. Molecular Biology of the Cell Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson - ISBN: 9780815344643. Schuljahr. Isoelectric Focusing: Separates proteins via their pH levels; most proteins have a characteristic charge / shape. Ribosome biogenesis consumes up to 80% of the energy of the cell, All RNA components mRNA, rRNA and tRNA come together in this structure, two ribosome types with identical structure, different locations – free and membrane bound, complexes where RNA sequences are converted to amino acid (aa) sequences, average sized protein takes 20-60 seconds to assemble, Synthesis from amino- to carboxy- terminal of protein, many ribosomes can bind 1 mRNA (polyribosome), polyribosomes or polysomes are the EM visible granules, single ribosome covers a 54bp mRNA region, the synthesised single amino acid chain can then be “modified”, in the cytoplasm or in specialised organelles, an organelle, membrane bound compartment. Specimens may be stored in this fluid and the solution is isotonic. This lecture introduces the materials lying outside the cell, known collectively as the extracellular matrix (ECM). Paraffin waxes can allow easy long-term tissue storage and ease of sectioning by supporting the tissue during cutting. Molecular biology of the cell 2 Lecture notes[ 1831] MBOC2 lecture notes 2018/2019. Ion exchange, charge. Na-K pump causes high intracellular concentration of K+ which leads to a conc. Links: Biochemistry – Figure 4.36. components of the reticular lamina are synthesised by cells of the connective tissue underlying the epithelium. Break open cell to expel internal contents There are automated paraffin embedding systems that remove many of the preparation steps. Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses, Figure 6-89. Internal Membranes: furher compartmentalize cell environments, Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. Blocking – with a protein solution to prevent non-specific binding of antibody. Please sign in or register to post comments. Base: reduces number of hydrogen ions in solution. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. K+ leaves cell, as it travels down its concentration This tissue thickness also means that fixation can be quite rapid. three common mtDNA mutations: G11778A, T14484C, G3460A, Evolution of multicellular organisms developed specialized cells and tissues, Embryonic development also allows differentiation of different cell/tissue types, Interaction between cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix by specific contacts, Note the Cell Biology definition is different from the Clinical term, Clinical term “adhesions” bands of scar-like tissue forming between two surfaces inside the body, Prokaryotes adhesion molecules usually termed “adhesins”, occur on pili (fimbriae), flagellae, or the cell surface, express multiple adhesion molecules for nutrition, migration and pathogenesis, malarial parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) uses circumsporozoite protein, an adhesion molecule, to bind to liver cells, merozoite surface protein to bind red blood cells, Basal lamina assemble and organize epithelia, Neurons growth cone guidance, fasiculation, Development – migration, cell sorting, tissue development, Transmigration, wound healing, macrophages, The cadherin superfamily comprises classical and non-classical cadherins, mediate Ca2+ dependent cell-cell adhesions, Classical cadherins (e.g. Actin microfilaments interact with proteins of the myosin family in order to move vesicles and organelles within cells. The degree of cross-linking produced in a tissue is also proportional to fixation time. the membrane potential of cell. Although apoptosis can be induced by injury in the basal epidermal layer (e.g., UV irradiation), cornification is exclusive of the upper layers (granular layer and stratum corneum). Students will learn to apply concepts from biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and cell biology to a diverse array of questions ranging from how plants move towards light to the molecular basis of cancer. phagocyte engulfs foreign materials and disposes. A type of cytoplasmic vesicle (200 – 500 nmdiameter) that occurs when part of an endosome membrane invaginates and buds into its own lumen forming smaller contained vesicles. Molecular and cellular biology is a dynamic field. During immune response, usually protein molecules such as antibodies or immunoglobulins and cell mediated cells are involved.
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